Timeresolved observation and control of superexchange. In these systems, strong interactions are routinely obtained by increasing the depth of optical lattices or utilizing feshbach resonances 15,16. We demonstrate the realisation of intensity patterns from pairs of laguerregauss expi modes with different l indices. Quantum optical lattices for emergent manybody phases of. Sir anthony leggetts first lecture on cold atoms in optical lattices, during his 2012 summer lecture series at the institute for quantum computing, university of waterloo.
The flexibility offered by ultracold atoms could provide such a platform. Optical lattice is formed by the interference of counterpropagating laser beams, which creates e ective potential that traps ultracold atoms. If we now thus minimize the free energy with respect to the chemical potential. Manipulation and simulation of cold atoms in optical lattices. This thesis describes experiments focused on investigating outofequilibrium phenomena in the bosehubbard model and exploring novel cooling techniques for ultracold gases in optical lattices. In twodimensional optical lattice potentials, the atoms are confined to arrays of tightly confining onedimensional tubes see fig. Particularly fascinating is the possibility of using ultracold atoms in lattices to simulate condensed matter or even high energy physics. Starting with a general introduction to the physics of cold atoms and optical lattices, it extends the theory to that of systems with different multispecies atoms. It advances the theory of manybody quantum systems in excited bands of optical lattices through an extensive study of the properties of both the meanfield and strongly correlated. Atoms are cooled and congregate in the locations of potential minima. This work reports on the generation of artificial magnetic fields with ultracold atoms in optical lattices using laserassisted tunneling, as well as on the first chernnumber measurement in a nonelectronic system. Bose and fermi hubbard models, where different aspects have been.
By contrast, when the beams frequency is far from any resonance, the velocity damping is no longer efficient but it is still possible to obtain a periodic atomic structure provided that the atoms are cooled by an independent. Cooper theory of condensed matter group, cavendish laboratory, j. Tightbinding models for ultracold atoms in optical lattices can be properly defined by using the concept of maximally localized wannier functions for composite bands. This book provides a complete and comprehensive overview of ultracold lattice gases as quantum simulators. Ultracold atoms and molecules have opened a new field for studying strong correlation effects in manybody quantum systems in a highly controllable setting. Dipole traps and optical lattices for quantum simulations core.
When such ultracold atoms are loaded into threedimensional arrays of microscopic trapping potentials, known as optical lattices, the atoms are sorted in such a way that every lattice site is. The interaction between this dipole moment, which is oscillating, and the electric. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices generated by quantized. Atoms optical lattice optical lattice vs solid state crystal lattices. The dynamics of an ultracold dilute gas of bosonic atoms in an optical lattice can be described by a bosehubbard model where the. Ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices ols enable us to study quantum manybody phases with undeniable precision and target problems from several disciplines 1. Optical lattices are an ideal platform for atomic experimentation. From the standard model of particle physics to strongly correlated electrons, various physical settings are formulated in terms of matter coupled to gauge fields. An onchip optical lattice for cold atom experiments. Discrete ho two bosonic atoms in a lattice scattering states.
Thomson avenue, cambridge cb3 0he, united kingdom received 12 january 2011. In this article, we propose an fwave pairing state of spinless fermions in cold atom optical lattices. An optical lattice is able to trap an atom because the electric fields of the lasers induce an electric dipole moment in the atom. Photoassociation experiments on ultracold and quantum. Lukin2 1institute for quantum information, california institute of technology, mc 10781, pasadena, california 91125, usa 2physics department, harvard university, cambridge, massachusetts 028, usa received 25 october 2002.
Figure 3 imaging of single atoms in a threedimensional optical lattice. In the nanokelvin regime, strongly correlated quantum gases in optical lattices provide a clean and controllable platform for studying complex manybody problems. The resulting arrangement of trapped atoms resembles a crystal lattice and can be used for quantum simulation. Ultracold atoms provide a promising alternative platform for studying this situation 14. The lattice atoms are excited to a higher energy band using laserinduced bragg transitions. This crystal has a periodic structure with a distance of about light wavelength 1. A quantum gas microscope for detecting single atoms in a. Quantum simulations with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Topological quantum matter with ultracold gases in.
Optical lattices consist of arrays of atoms bound by light. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices represent an ideal platform for simulations of quantum manybody problems. Marko znidari c may 25, 2010 abstract in the seminar, physical principles underlying behavior of atoms in optical lattices are presented. Quantum mechanical superexchange interactions form the basis of quantum magnetism in strongly correlated electronic media.
These patterns can be rotated by introducing a frequency shift between the modes. Correlated hopping of bosonic atoms induced by optical. Atoms in an optical lattice provide an ideal quantum system where all parameters can be controlled. Multispecies systems in optical lattices from orbital. Controlling spin exchange interactions of ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Tightbinding models for ultracold atoms in honeycomb. With the lasers tuned below atomic resonance the atoms are cooled, and optical dipole forces trap the atoms at these sites.
Combining a bec with an optical lattice provides an opportunity for. Quantum computers for special purposes like quantum simulators are already within reach. Quantum coherence and entanglement with ultracold atoms in. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices are among the most developed platforms of interest for building quantum devices suitable for quantum simulation and quantum computation. The atoms can be imaged by collecting their fluorescence light through a highresolution objective lens. Correlated hopping of bosonic atoms induced by optical lattices. Controlling spin exchange interactions of ultracold atoms in optical lattices l. The molecule and the remaining free atom carry away the binding. Mar 17, 2014 an optical lattice is an artificial crystal made by lasers and an ideal crystal without defects and impurities. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices the studies of ultracold atoms constitute one of the hottest areas of atomic, molecular, and optical amo physics and quantum optics.
In those experiments, light has two effects, firstly to attract the atoms around points located on a periodic lattice having a spatial period on the order of the optical. Following formation of bec, atoms are loaded directly from the atom chip trap to the optical lattice potential by ramping on the lattice beam to a depth of about. Cold atoms in optical lattices part 1 lecture 7 anthony. Not only can they be used as efficient quantum simulators for problems in condensedmatter physics, but it seems that the unique level of control that is available in these systems will also ensure their place in atomic physics and quantum optics. When such ultracold atoms are loaded into threedimensional arrays of microscopic trapping potentials, known as optical lattices, the atoms are sorted in. They officially came to the world in 19911992, when two groups observed signals originating from atoms spatially ordered in a standing wave. Simulations of nonabelian gauge theories with optical lattices.
Probing quantum phases of ultracold atoms in optical. Relation to atomic parameters we now establish the relation between the model in eq. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices hardcover maciej. This system constitutes a very good realization of the bosehubbard model, which predicts a quantum phase transition between a superfluid state and a mott insulator.
Besides trapping cold atoms, optical lattices have been widely used in creating gratings and photonic crystals. Cold atoms in dissipative optical lattices sciencedirect. A weakly interacting super uid comprised of atoms in a state that does not experience the lattice potential acts as a dissipative bath that interacts with the lattice atoms through. Staggeredimmersion cooling of a quantum gas in optical. Mountains of potential optical lattices offer unique control over manybody quantum systems. The dynamics of the gas is restricted to one dimension by tightly con. Combining quantum degenerate atomic gases and optical lattices allows. A tonksgirardeau gas has already been realized in an optical lattice. Quantum physics with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Pdf ultracold atoms in optical lattices researchgate. They are also useful for sorting microscopic particles, and may be useful for assembling cell arrays.
Studies of ultracold gases in optical lattices provide a means for testing fundamental and applicationoriented quantum manybody concepts of condensedmatter physics in. Dynamics of localization phenomena for hardcore bosons in. Artificial gauge fields with ultracold atoms in optical. We report on the direct measurement of superexchange interactions with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Nov 05, 2012 sir anthony leggetts first lecture on cold atoms in optical lattices, during his 2012 summer lecture series at the institute for quantum computing, university of waterloo. Up to 250 atoms are loaded from a magnetooptical trap into a threedimensional optical lattice with a spacing of 4. Some of the most talented theorists in the field guide the readers through the fascinating interplay of atomic, optical.
Because of their unprecedented controllability, atomic gases confined in optical lattices enable quantum simulation of various lattice hamiltonians, e. Studies of ultracold atoms in optical lattices link various disciplines, providing a playground where fundamental quantum manybody concepts, formulated in condensedmatter physics, can be tested in much better controllable atomic systems, e. For instance, the recent studies have shown that, with spinor bosonic or fermionic atoms in optical lattices, it may be. A boseeinstein condensate bec of 87rb atoms was loaded into a threedimensional optical lattice formed by the interference pattern of three orthogonal standing wave laser fields. The second primary issue is the numerical computation of coherent manybody dynamics for atoms in optical lattices. Ultracold atoms and molecules in optical lattices sciencedirect. Quantum simulation with cold atoms in optical lattices by yanghao chan a dissertation submitted in partial ful llment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy physics in the university of michigan 20 doctoral committee. Up to 250 atoms are loaded from a magneto optical trap into a threedimensional optical lattice with a spacing of 4. Such ultracold atoms in optical lattices form a completely novel and highly promising. Here, we demonstrate how quantized dynamical gauge.
Compared to free space optical lattices, quantum uncertainties of the potential and the possibility of atomfield entanglement lead to modified phase transition characteristics, the appearance of new phases or even quantum superpositions of different phases. From atom optics to quantum simulation interacting bosons and. For typical experimental parameters, the harmonic trapping frequencies along the tube are very weak and on the order of 10200hz, whereas in the radial direction, the trapping frequencies can become as high as 100khz. What makes optical lattices so useful is the nearly complete control it gives us over the system. Review quantum simulations with ultracold atoms in optical lattices christian gross1 and immanuel bloch1,2 quantum simulation, a subdiscipline of quantum computation, can provide valuable insight into difficult quantum problems in physics or chemistry. We demonstrate a novel experimental arrangement which can rotate a 2d optical lattice at frequencies up to several kilohertz. Atoms trapped in optical lattices can be used to mimic the behavior of conduction electrons in solid state crystals. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices pdf download download. The absence of isolated free quarks in nature is an exam. Quantum computers, though not yet available on the market, will revolutionize the future of information processing. However, since atoms are neutral and experience no lorentz force, soc does not naturally occur and must be.
Entangling the atoms in an optical lattice for quantum. Interacting bosons and fermions in threedimensional optical lattice. Controlling spin exchange interactions of ultracold atoms. These dissipative optical lattices are obtained by tuning the incident beams in the neighbourhood of an atomic resonance. Tightbinding models for ultracold atoms in honeycomb optical. The dynamics of an ultracold dilute gas of bosonic atoms in an optical lattice can be described by a bosehubbard model where the system parameters are controlled by laser light. They have been rewarded with the 1997 nobel prize in physics for. It starts with an introduction to the hofstadter model, which describes the dynamics.
We study the continuous zero temperature quantum phase transition from the superfluid to the mott insulator phase induced by varying the depth. Tightbinding models for ultracold atoms in honeycomb optical lattices julen iba. Quantum simulation, a subdiscipline of quantum computation, can provide valuable insight into difficult quantum problems in physics or chemistry. The atoms can be imaged by collecting their fluorescence light. It makes a route through the physics of cold atoms in periodic potentials starting from the simple noninteracting system and going into the manybody physics that describes the. We propose a versatile optical ring lattice suitable for trapping cold and quantum degenerate atomic samples. Such optical potentials can be complicated, but are prescribed. Optical lattices play a central role in studying strongly interacting manybody physics with ultracold atoms bloch et al 2008, lewenstein et al 2012, dutta et al 2015a. The resulting periodic potential may trap neutral atoms via the stark shift. Artificial gauge fields with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Correlated hopping of bosonic atoms induced by optical lattices 5 2. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices generated by quantized light fields. Nonequilibrium dynamics of ultracold atoms in optical. Optical lattices have seen utilization in such diverse.
Optical lattices have been widely used in atomic physics as a way to cool, trap and control atoms. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices precision measurements quantum information qubit quantum simulation lowdim systems 2d 1d. Ultracold atoms in such a rotating lattice can be used for the direct quantum simulation of strongly correlated systems under large effective magnetic fields, allowing investigation of phenomena such as the fractional quantum hall effect. Ultracold atoms in a disordered optical lattice university of illinois. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Quantum simulation with cold atoms in optical lattices. Trapped atoms experience a harmonic potential, vr 1 2. We can generate bright ring lattices for trapping atoms in reddetuned light. Although most of such gases in the nanokelvin regime are first prepared in a continuum phase, a lattice structure can be superimposed onto the particles by using optical standing wave laser fields. In the limit of large enough cavity damping the different models agree. Anderson and georg raithel university of michigan, ann arbor usa introduction trapping techniques angular dependence of lattice potentials v p e e2 2 4m e. Creating novel quantum states of ultracold bosons in.
The vertically oriented 1d optical lattice is formed by retrore ecting a beam with 1064 nm and an estimated 100 m beam waist from the window in the center of the chip. Optical flux lattices for ultracold atomic gases n. The lattice would be generated by two counter propagating modes with parabolic cylindrical symmetry and we concentrate on the quasi conservative red detuned faroffresonance regime. Tightbinding models for ultracold atoms in optical. Enter your mobile number or email address below and well send you a link to download the free kindle app.
Vexandvgx are external trapping potentials for the atom in the excited and the. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices paperback maciej. Unconventional cooper pairing states with cold atoms have not been realized yet 2629. The scattering length is a single number that describes the lowenergy physics of collisions between ultracold atoms. Review quantum simulations with ultracold atoms in optical. Nonequilibrium dynamics of ultracold atoms in optical lattices by david chen dissertation submitted in partial ful llment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in physics in the graduate college of the university of illinois at urbanachampaign, 2015 urbana, illinois doctoral committee. Tunable spinorbit coupling for ultracold atoms in two. Maschler et al ultracold atoms in optical lattices generated by quantized light. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Quantum simulations based on ultracold atoms in optical lattices provide a promising avenue to study these complex systems and unravel the underlying manybody physics.
Simulating quantum manybody systems oxford university press. This masterpiece is a unique opportunity to learn about the frontiers of quantum manybody physics, and how they can be explored with ultracold atoms in optical lattices. Controlling spin exchange interactions of ultracold atoms in. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices have the potential to impact on a broad range of physics. Compared to free space optical lattices, quantum uncertainties of the potential and the possibility of atomfield entanglement lead to modified. Jun 18, 2008 at nanokelvin temperatures, ultracold quantum gases can be stored in optical lattices, which are arrays of microscopic trapping potentials formed by laser light. Rydberg atoms in ponderomotive optical lattices sarah e. Studies of ultracold gases in optical lattices provide a means for testing fundamental and applicationoriented quantum manybody concepts of condensedmatter physics in well controllable atomic. These socalled optical lattices act as versatile potential landscapes to trap ultracold quantum gases of bosons and fermions. The hubbard model for atoms optical dipole potential cold bosonic atoms in a tightbinding periodic potential the second quantized hamiltonian single atom in a lattice bloch band of a homogeneous lattice tilted lattice. This thesis covers most of my work in the field of ultracold atoms loaded in optical lattices. Cooling manybody systems to ultralow temperatures has revolutionized the field of quantum physics. We study the dynamics of non interacting thermal atoms embedded in structured optical lattices with non trivial geometry. After preparing a spinmixture of ultracold atoms in an antiferromagnetically ordered state, we measured coherent superexchangemediated spin.
Ultracold trapped atoms are advantageous because they are fundamentally indistinguishable qubits that can be prepared with high fidelity in welldefined states and readout. Temperature and localization of atoms in threedimensional. An optical lattice is formed by the interference of counterpropagating laser beams, creating a spatially periodic polarization pattern. Then you can start reading kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer. Within this setting, quantum gas microscopes enable single atom observation and manipulation in large samples. Ultracold atoms in optical lattices derevianko group. The interaction of atoms in the lattice can easily. Physics of higher orbital bands in optical lattices. The physics of ultracold atoms, ions and molecules offer unprecedented possibilities of control of quantum many body systems and novel possibilities of applications to quantum information.
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